![]() ![]() According to Sigmund Freud, sometimes blocking is no accident. The information is in your memory somewhere, if only you could find it. In other cases the old data have not been lost. It may be that interference actually does erase some memories permanently. It is important to note that proactive interference does not lead to retroactive interfer- ence the two are separate concepts. Later, you know the new information but have trouble remembering the old data (retroactive interference). At first you may have trouble remembering them because the memory of your old address and phone number gets in the way (proactive interference). You now have to remember a new address and phone number. In retroactive interference a later memory or new information blocks you from remembering information learned earlier. In proactive interference an earlier memory blocks you from remembering related new information. This blocking is of two kinds: proactive and retroactive. Interference refers to a memory being blocked or erased by previous or subsequent memories. Rather, interference or repression causes people to lose track of them. The fact that apparently forgotten information can be recovered through meditation, hypnosis, or brain stimulation suggests that at least some memories never decay. The memories lost, however, are the most recent ones older memories seem to remain. Interference: blockage of a memory by previous or subse- quent memoriesīrain can cause loss of memory. The present finding implies that the sensitive PI effect in amnesic patients, such as aMCI and Alzheimer's Disease (AD), may be due to encoding deficit, and thus may contribute to the diagnosis and cognitive training of these patients.You may experience memory failure because of decay, interference, or repression. Moreover, with SAC, the present findings suggested that the increased sensitivity of PI under midazolam, as compared with saline, may be due to the encoding impairment under midazolam. In conclusion, by using drug studies, we replicated and further demonstrated the susceptible PI effect in amnesic subjects. The output of the SAC model was fitted well with the experimental data. The similar pattern was also observed in list3, although not to be significant. In list2, the list directly followed the injection, the PI effect was detected both under midazolam and saline, but the PI magnitude under midazolam was significantly higher than that under saline. It was found that, episodic memory was significantly reduced after midazolam injection, as contrast to saline injection. ![]() An ANOVA statistical analysis was run on behavioral data and SAC (Source of Action Confusion) models were constructed accordingly. Three kinds of word pairs were designed, with control pairs studied on only one list, practice pairs practiced on all three lists, and interference pairs involved recombining cue and response terms from one list to the next. For each list, subjects were asked to remember 45 word pairs firstly, and then each word pair was tested twice. In each day, subjects went through 3 lists of word-pair associative learning tasks and a final cued-recall test. Subjects were required to participate the experiment twice, one week apart, under midazolam (0.03 mg/kg) or saline. 20 healthy adults (11 females) voluntarily participated in a double-blind, between-subject, placebo- controlled experiment, with a 2 (drug: midazolam, saline) × 3 (list: list1, list2, list3) × 3 (word pairs: control, interference, practice) factorial design. ![]() Based on the recent findings from amnesic mild cognitive impairments (aMCI) that encoding impairment and susceptible PI effect coexisted in aMCI, and susceptible PI effect still remained in the absence of response competition, we hypothesized that the susceptible PI effect in amnesic patients might be primarily due to encoding deficits. The present study focused on this issue by in combination using neuropsychopharmacological experiment and computational cognitive modeling technique. Moreover, the results from patient study may be confounded by the differences of age, gender, education level and intelligence between patients and controls. There were two competing theories proposed to account for the susceptible PI effect in amnesia patients, with one holds that PI occurs at encoding stage, and the other believes that PI occurs at retrieval stage, however, its underlying mechanism was still unclear. Increased sensitivity to proactive interference (PI) was widely observed in patients with memory impairment.
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